การพยาบาลผู้ป่วยระยะสุดท้าย end of life

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Drying of Paddy by Continuous Fluidized Bed Technique ��͹��Ե ��͹�� վ�ҷ��
Ornanong Sripawatakul ��Ҩ��֡�� ҵ� ��óķ�� õ� ��Ѫ��ҡ�
Prof Dr Somchart Soponronnarit Somkiat Prachayawarakorn ��ʶҺѹ ��Է��෤��վ�Ш��Ҹ��. �ѳ�Ե�Է��
King Mongkuts University of Technology. Bangkok (Thailand). Graduate School �дѺ��ԭ��´�Ң��Ԫ� �Է�ҹԾ��Һѳ�Ե. ��ǡ��ʵ�� (��ǡ��)
Master. Engineering (Food Engineering) �շ�診��֡�� 2536 ��Ѵ��(��) �ҹ�Ԩ�¹��ѵ�ػ��ʧ��͵�ͧ��֡�Ҥ�� ͧ��ͺ��駢��͡��ǧ��٧��Ը� ��Դ䴫�ິ��ҧ��ͧ �¾Ԩ�óҵ��õ�ҧ � ��ռŵ��ѵ�ҡ�ü�Ե ��ͧ��ѧ�ҹ ��Фس�Ҿ �ͧ��͡ ��оѲ��Ẻ��ͧ�ҧ��Ե��ʵ��ͷӹ�� ѵ�ҡ��ͺ�� ѧ�ҹ �ҡ��÷��ͧ��س��Ԣͧ �ҡ�� 115 ͧ�� س��٧�ش��͡ �ѧ��դس�Ҿ�� Ф��鹢ͧ��͡ 30% �ҵðҹ��駾�� ѵ�ҡ��ͺ��駢��͡�� Ѻ�ѵ�ҡ��Ţͧ�ҡ�Ȩ�� (�ѵ��ǹ��ҧ�ѵ�ҡ�� Ţͧ�ҡ�Ȩ��е��駢ͧ hold up �ͧ��͡) ��س��Ԣͧ�ҡ�� ѵ�ҡ��Ţͧ�ҡ�Ȩ��е�� ͧ��ѧ�ҹ�� ѵ�ҡ��ع��¹�ҡ�ȡ�Ѻ ��Ф��٧�ͧ��鹢��͡��鹨з��ͧ ��ѧ�ҹ��ŧ ��ͺ��駢��͡��ժ�鹵�ӡ�� 22% �ҵ�Ұҹ��ͧ�ҡ�з��ѧ��դس�Ҿ �� Ẻ��ͧ�ҧ��Ե��ʵ��ö�ӹ��ѵ�ҡ��ͺ�� о�ѧ�ҹ��վ�� ֡��Ƿҧ��ͺ��駷�� Ẻ ��ͧ�ҧ��Ե��ʵ�� յ��÷��ӡ��֡�Ҥ�� ٧ weir �ѵ�ҡ��Ũ��Тͧ�ҡ�� ѵ�ҡ��ع��¹��Ѻ ��س��㹡��ͺ�� 115 ͧ�� ش��㹡��ͺ��駤�� ٧�ͧ weir 10 cm �ѵ�ҡ��Ţͧ�ҡ�Ȩ�� 0.043 kg/s-kg dry matter �ѵ�ҡ��ع��¹��Ѻ�ͧ�ҡ�� 80% �з��ͧ ��ѧ�ҹ�� 7.9 MJ/kg-water ��繾�ѧ�ҹ俿�� 2.46 MJ/kg-water ��о�ѧ�ҹ��͹ 5.44 MJ/kg-water �դ��㹡��ͺ�� 㹡óշ��ѹ�� ԧ 2.06 �ҷ/kg water ��㹡�ô��Թ�� 1.07 �ҷ/kg water 㹡óշ��ѹ��ԧ 2.60 �ҷ/kg water ��繤��㹡��ҧ��ͧ 0.99 �ҷ/kg water ��㹡�ô��Թ�� 1.61 �ҷ/kg water ��Ѵ��(English) The objective of this reserch is to pursue the feasibility study of high moisture paddy drying at high temperature by using continuous fluidization technique. The effect of variables on drying capacity, energy consumption and quality of paddy was considered. The mathematical model was developed to find the optimum condition of drying by considering drying rate and energy consumption. Experimental results with paddy having initial moisture content of 30 % dry basis at 115 degree C (maximum drying air tempareture if paddy quality were maintained) showed that the specific air flow rate (ratio of air flow rate to dry mass of paddy hold up) and drying air temperature affected significantly the drying rate of paddy. Energy consumption was found to decrease with the specific air flow rate, but it decreased when the weir height and the fraction or air recycled were increased. Final moisture content should be limited to 22 % dry basis in order to prevent successive broken grain. The mathematical model was found to be in good agreement with the experimental drying rate. The determination of appropriate drying strategy was done by using the mathematical model. The variables which were studied were weir height, specific air flow rate and the fraction of recycled air. The drying temperature is fixed at 115 degree C. The results of simulation showed that the appropriate drying strategy was obtained at the weir height of 10 cm, the specific air flow rate of 0.043 kg/s-kg dry matter and the fraction of air recycled of 80 %. The primary energy consumption and the total cost of drying are 7.9 MJ/kg water evap. (electrical energy = 2.46 MJ/kg water evap., heat = 5.44 MJ/kg water evap.) and 2.05 bath/kg water evap. (fix cost 0.99 bath/kg water evap., operating cost 1.06 bath/kg water evap.), respectively. ��ҷ��¹�Է�ҹԾ�� ӹǹ˹�Ңͧ�Է�ҹԾ�� ISBN ʶҹ��Ѵ��Է�ҹԾ�� Ӥѭ Paddy drying, Mathematical model, Fluidization, Energy consumption, Drying strategy, Quality, ��ͺ��駢��͡, ��Դ䴫�ິ, Ẻ��ͧ�ҧ ��Ե��ʵ��, �Ƿҧ��ͺ��, �س�Ҿ �Է�ҹԾ��Ǣ�ͧ

��Ѵ��(English) Fatigue is the most frequently experienced symptom of cancer and cancer treatment that may affect the health state of a person, and as a result treatment may be terminated or discontinued. This prospective, descriptive study aims to describe patterns of fatigue, and to examine the relationships between fatigue and symptoms interfering with eating, sleep disturbance, ECOG performance status, and body weight and hematocrit change, and also to explore self-care actions to manage fatigue and their effectiveness. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 60 head and neck cancer patients, who met the inclusion criteria, from the Division of Radiotherapy at Songklanagarind Hospitals Faculty of Medicine, in Prince of Songkla University between February and July 2001. The questionnaires used to collect data were the Demographic Characteristic and Clinical Data Form, the Revised Piper Fatigue Scale, the Symptoms Interfering with Eating Questionnaire, The Sleep Disturbance Scale, and the Self-Care Actions to Manage Fatigue Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the SPSS/FW program. Results indicated that head and neck cancer patients receiving radiation therapy experienced mild fatigue. The mean scores of total fatigue gradually increased from the first week, peaked at the fourth week, and then gradually declined until the seventh week. However, there were no significant differences between total fatigue scores over time during radiation therapy (p>.05). Cluster analysis cannot identify any patterns of fatigue. Fatigue mostly peaked in late afternoon and early evening. The most common causes of fatigue were radiation therapy and lack of nutrition. As to the relationship, fatigue was significantly (p<.01) and positively correlated at a high level with symptoms interfering with eating and at a moderate level with sleep disturbance. The most frequently used self-care actions to manage fatigue were lying down and sleeping. Stopping receiving radiation therapy was the most effective strategy. This study provides guidelines for nurses to assess and give information to head and neck cancer patients receiving radiation therapy who experience fatigue. Moreover, it shows the ability of patients to initiate actions to relieve fatigue.

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